Earth and space science learning for middle school students focuses on three core ideas. A Framework for K-12 Science Education which served as the research base for the Next Generation Science Standards identifies the three core ideas in the Earth and space sciences as ESS1: Earth’s Place in the Universe, ESS2: Earth’s Systems, and ESS3: Earth and Human Activity. The first core idea focuses on space and the solar system, the second core idea focuses on the interconnections among Earth’s various systems, and the third core idea focuses on how humans affect Earth’s systems. A foundational goal for middle school students in learning Earth and space science is to continue to develop understanding about Earth’s various systems and how these systems are interconnected.