Motor Responses
This text discusses cortical responses; descending pathways; extrapyramidal controls; ventral horn output; and reflexes. Figure 14.27 Phineas Gage The victim of an accident while working on a railroad in 1848, Phineas Gage had a large iron rod impaled through the prefrontal cortex of his frontal lobe. After the accident, his personality appeared to change, but he eventually learned to cope with the trauma and lived as a coach driver even after such a traumatic event. (credit b: John M. Harlow, MD)
Topics
- alkaloid
- amacrine cell
- ampulla
- anosmia
- anterior corticospinal tract
- aqueous humor
- ascending pathway
- association area
- audition
- auricle
- basilar membrane
- Betz cells
- binocular depth cues
- bipolar cell
- Broca’s area
- capsaicin
- cerebral peduncles
- cervical enlargement
- chemoreceptor
- chief sensory nucleus
- choroid
- ciliary body
- circadian rhythm
- cochlea
- cochlear duct
- cone photoreceptor
- contralateral
- cornea
- corneal reflex
- corticobulbar tract
- corticospinal tract
- cupula
- decussate
- dorsal column system
- dorsal stream
- encapsulated ending
- equilibrium
- executive functions
- external ear
- exteroceptor
- extraocular muscle
- extrapyramidal system
- fasciculus cuneatus
- fasciculus gracilis
- fibrous tunic
- fovea
- free nerve ending
- frontal eye fields
- general sense
- gustation
- gustatory receptor cells
- hair cells
- incus
- inferior colliculus
- inferior oblique
- inferior rectus
- inner ear
- inner segment
- inner synaptic layer
- interaural intensity difference
- interaural time difference
- internal capsule
- interoceptor
- ipsilateral
- iris
- kinesthesia
- lacrimal duct
- lacrimal gland
- lateral corticospinal tract
- lateral geniculate nucleus
- lateral rectus
- lens
- levator palpebrae superioris
- lumbar enlargement
- macula
- malleus
- mechanoreceptor
- medial geniculate nucleus
- medial lemniscus
- medial rectus
- mesencephalic nucleus
- middle ear
- multimodal integration area
- neural tunic
- nociceptor
- nucleus cuneatus
- nucleus gracilis
- odorant molecules
- olfaction
- olfactory bulb
- olfactory epithelium
- olfactory sensory neuron
- opsin
- optic chiasm
- optic disc
- optic nerve
- optic tract
- organ of Corti
- osmoreceptor
- ossicles
- otolith
- otolithic membrane
- outer segment
- outer synaptic layer
- oval window
- palpebral conjunctiva
- papilla
- photoisomerization
- photon
- photoreceptor
- premotor cortex
- primary sensory cortex
- proprioception
- proprioceptor
- pupil
- pyramidal decussation
- pyramids
- receptor cell
- red nucleus
- reticulospinal tract
- retina
- retinal
- retinal ganglion cell
- RGC
- rhodopsin
- rod photoreceptor
- round window
- rubrospinal tract
- saccule
- scala tympani
- scala vestibuli
- sclera
- semicircular canals
- sensory homunculus
- sensory modality
- solitary nucleus
- somatosensation
- special sense
- spinal trigeminal nucleus
- spinothalamic tract
- spiral ganglion
- stapes
- stereocilia
- stretch reflex
- submodality
- superior colliculus
- superior oblique
- superior rectus
- supplemental motor area
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
- taste buds
- tectorial membrane
- tectospinal tract
- thermoreceptor
- topographical
- transduction
- trochlea
- tympanic membrane
- umami
- utricle
- vascular tunic
- ventral posterior nucleus
- ventral stream
- vestibular ganglion
- vestibular nuclei
- vestibule
- vestibulo-ocular reflex
- VOR
- vestibulospinal tract
- visceral sense
- vision
- visual acuity
- vitreous humor
- working memory
- zonule fibers
- appendicular control
- axial control
- Betz cell
- cerebral peduncle
- cortical response
- descending pathway
- executive function
- extrapyramidal control
- frontal eye field
- motor response
- Phineas Gage
- primary motor cortex
- pyramid
- secondary motor cortex
- ventral horn output