Cerumen protects the ear canal by lubricating tissue and preventing infection, but buildup can cause hearing loss and discomfort. This text explains earwax physiology, middle-ear inflammation (otitis media), and foreign-body risks, supporting learning on ear health, auditory anatomy, and common pediatric ear disorders.
1. Marchisio, P., Pipolo, C., Landi, M., Consonni, D., Mansi, N., Di Mauro, G., ... & Italian Earwax Study Group. (2016). Cerumen: A fundamental but neglected problem by pediatricians. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 87, 55-60. 2. Minja, B. M., & Machemba, A. (1996). Prevalence of otitis media, hearing impairment and cerumen impaction among school children in rural and urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 37(1), 29-34. 3. Wiertsema, S. P., & Leach, A. J. (2009). Theories of otitis media pathogenesis, with a focus on indigenous children. Medical Journal of Australia, 191(S9), S4. 4. Store, R., Msxwan, D., & Clinch, E. (2001). Otitis media, learning and community. Education in Rural Australia, 11(2), 27-32. 5. Hearing Loss Association of America. Hearing Loss Facts and Statistics. Retrieved in 2023 from: https://www.hearingloss.org/wp-content/uploads/HLAA_HearingLoss_Facts_Statistics.pdf 6. Morin, Isabelle and Alexandre Vingault. (2017).Jeunes et dur d’oreille. La Presse. Retrived in 2023 from: https://www.lapresse.ca/vivre/sante/enfants/201712/08/01-5144671-jeunes-et-durs-doreille.php OTHER GENERAL SOURCES ASHA. Resources for Educational Audiologists. Retrieved in 2023 from: https://www.asha.org/aud/resources-for-educational-audiologists/ MSD Manual for consumers. Retrieved in 2023 from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/ SAC. Resources to Inform Communication Health Services for Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved in 2023 from: https://www.sac-oac.ca/practice-resources/resource-library/resources-to-inform-communication-health-services-for-indigenous-peoples/ Weber, P. C., & Klein, A-J. (1999). Hearing loss. Medical Clinics of North America, 83(1), 125-137. World Health Organization (2021) World report on hearing. Geneva. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. World Health Organization (2023) Primary ear and hearing care training manual. Geneva. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Zahnert, T. (2011). The differential diagnosis of hearing loss. Deutsches arztblatt international, 108(25), 433. Manitoba Minister of Education. (2021) Educators’ Resource Guide: Supporting Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. Canada. 188p. EAR WAX IMPACTION Marchisio, P., Pipolo, C., Landi, M., Consonni, D., Mansi, N., Di Mauro, G., ... & Italian Earwax Study Group. (2016). Cerumen: A fundamental but neglected problem by pediatricians. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 87, 55-60 McCarter, D. F., Courtney, A. U., & Pollart, S. M. (2007, May 15). Cerumen impaction. American Family Physician. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/2007/0515/p1523.html#afp20070515p1523-b15. OTITIS MEDIA Doctissimo. Otite : quand faut-il consulter ?. Retrieved in 2023 from: https://www.doctissimo.fr/sante/infection-ori/otite/otite-quand-consulter Graydon, K., Waterworth, C., Miller, I.T., & Gunasekera, H. (2019). Global burden of hearing impairment and ear disease. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 133(1), 18-25. Hogan, A., Phillips, R. L., Howard, D., & Yiengprugsawan, V. (2014). Psychosocial outcomes of children with ear infections and hearing problems: a longitudinal study. BMC pediatrics, 14(1), 1-8. Merks Manuals. Otitis Media (Secretory). Retrieved in 2023 from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/otitis-media-secretory Store, R., Msxwan, D., & Clinch, E. (2001). Otitis media, learning and community. Education in Rural Australia, 11(2), 27-32. Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner B. (1989) Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study; J Infect Dis. 1989 Jul;160(1):83-94. Tomlin, D., & Rance, G. (2014). Long-term hearing deficits after childhood middle ear disease. Ear and hearing, 35(5), e233-e242. Wiertsema, S. P., & Leach, A. J. (2009). Theories of otitis media pathogenesis, with a focus on indigenous children. Medical Journal of Australia, 191(S9), S4. FOREIGN BODY Kwon B, Choi Y, Kim SK, Hong SJ, Kim YB, Hong SM. (2009) Ear, Nose, and Throat Foreign Bodies in Children: A Retrospective Study. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology. 2(2):91-63. doi: 10.3342/ceo.2009.2.2.91. PMID: 35053688; PMCID: PMC8744108.