The Musculoskeletal System
The muscular and skeletal systems provide support to the body and allow for a wide range of movement. The bones of the skeletal system protect the body’s internal organs and support the weight of the body. The muscles of the muscular system contract and pull on the bones, allowing for movements as diverse as standing, walking, running, and grasping items. Injury or disease affecting the musculoskeletal system can be very debilitating. In humans, the most common musculoskeletal diseases worldwide are caused by malnutrition. Ailments that affect the joints are also widespread, such as arthritis, which can make movement difficult and—in advanced cases—completely impair mobility. Progress in the science of prosthesis design has resulted in the development of artificial joints, with joint replacement surgery in the hips and knees being the most common. This pathway provides an in-depth look at types of skeletal systems; bone; joints & skeletal movement; muscle contraction & locomotion. The pathway also provides vocabulary support for these topics, as well as opportunities for learners to self-assess their understanding by analyzing figures and answering questions. Advanced Placement® and AP® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this textbook.
Topics
- abduction
- acetylcholinesterase
- actin
- adduction
- amphiarthrosis
- angular movement
- appendicular
- skeleton
- appositional growth
- articulation
- auditory ossicle
- axial skeleton
- ball-and-socket joint
- bone
- bone remodeling
- calcification
- cardiac muscle
- carpus
- cartilaginous joint
- circumduction
- clavicle
- compact bone
- condyloid joint
- coxal bone
- cranial bone
- depression
- diaphysis
- diarthrosis
- dorsiflexion
- elevation
- endochondral ossification
- endoskeleton
- epiphyseal plate
- epiphysis
- eversion
- exoskeleton
- extension
- facial bone
- femur
- fibrous joint
- fibula
- flat bone
- flexion
- forearm
- gliding movement
- gomphosis
- haversian canal
- hinge joint
- humerus
- hydrostatic skeleton
- hyoid bone
- hyperextension
- intervertebral disc
- intramembranous ossification
- inversion
- irregular bone
- joint
- lamella
- lateral rotation
- long bone
- lower limb
- medial rotation
- metacarpus
- metatarsal
- motor end plate
- myofibril
- myofilament
- myosin
- opposition
- osseous tissue
- ossification
- osteoblast
- osteoclast
- osteocyte
- osteon
- patella
- pectoral girdle
- pelvic girdle
- phalange
- pivot joint
- planar joint
- plantar flexion
- pronation
- protraction
- radius
- resorption
- retraction
- rib
- rotational movement
- saddle joint
- sarcolemma
- sarcomere
- scapula
- sesamoid bone
- short bone
- skeletal muscle tissue
- skull
- smooth muscle
- spongy bone tissue
- sternum
- supination
- suture
- suture bone
- symphysis
- synarthrosis
- synchondrosis
- syndesmosis
- synovial joint
- tarsal
- thick filament
- thin filament
- thoracic cage
- tibia
- trabeculae
- tropomyosin
- troponin
- ulna
- vertebral column