This AP® Biology content explores why some traits don’t follow simple Mendelian ratios. In this pathway, learners will investigate linked genes, sex-linked traits, codominance, incomplete dominance, pleiotropy and polygenic traits. Learners will also explore non-nuclear inheritance, such as how mitochondria and chloroplasts are passed from mother to offspring. By analyzing data and real-world examples, learners will see how these exceptions expand our understanding of heredity. Coming soon: new content on linked genes, sex-linked inheritance, and sex determination in humans. AP® is a registered trademark of the College Board, which has not reviewed this resource.